Digital Welfare and Women’s Exclusion in India : How Aadhaar-linked Systems Affect Informal Women Workers

Nearly half (51%) of rural Indian women aged 15 and above lack mobile phones, a basic enabler of digital welfare access, underscoring how rapidly expanding Aadhaar-linked social programs risk excluding the very populations they intend to support. India’s digital welfare architecture, from e-Shram worker registries to Aadhaar biometric authentication for subsidies and pensions, was designed to reduce leakage and improve targeting. Yet, documented biometric authentication failures, data mismatches, and internet access deficits leave millions without entitlements they are eligible for, particularly informal women workers with lower digital access, literacy, and independent documentation. Studies show that digital barriers disproportionately affect informal workers, who comprise over 70% of the non-agricultural workforce, and women’s exclusion is compounded by socio-cultural constraints and device access gaps that undermine their ability to complete Aadhaar-linked registration and authentication processes.

Without robust offline alternatives and supportive digital literacy interventions, these systems risk transforming welfare from inclusive safety-net instruments into systemic exclusion mechanisms that weaken social protection and deepen gender inequities. To reverse this trend, policy architecture must reduce over-reliance on mandatory digital authentication where feasible, strengthen assisted registration and grievance redressal frameworks, and invest in gender responsive digital inclusion, including subsidised access to devices, community facilitation centres, and simplified identity reconciliation, so that Aadhaar functions as an instrument for inclusion rather than exclusion.

Given India’s ongoing scaling of digital public infrastructure and expansion of mandatory e-KYC requirements across several state welfare programs, timely design recalibration is critical to safeguard women’s access to essential benefits and realise the equity goals of India’s social protection agenda.